# Pastebin 8TPWkUbn
     Opening a file or directory with the O_PATH flag requires no permissions on the object itself (but does
              require  execute permission on the directories in the path prefix).  Depending on the subsequent opera-
              tion, a check for suitable file permissions may be performed (e.g., fchdir(2) requires execute  permis-
              sion on the directory referred to by its file descriptor argument).  By contrast, obtaining a reference
              to a filesystem object by opening it with the O_RDONLY flag requires that the caller have read  permis-
              sion  on  the  object,  even when the subsequent operation (e.g., fchdir(2), fstat(2)) does not require
              read permission on the object.